英語のインシデント報告書を明確に書くには？C1上級：it・this・that、確認済みの事実と代替策の発動条件

インシデント記録では、“it”、“this”、“that”がそれぞれ1つのものだけを指す必要があります。主な話題を続けるときは“it”、直前に述べた点を受けるときは“this”か“that”を使い、問題が2つあるときは名詞に名前を付けます（“the fault”ではなく“the A17 batch fault”）。確認済みの事実と未確認の原因を分け、すべての対応に担当者と時刻を決めます。このテーマはC1（上級）レベルで、同僚、顧客、規制当局にインシデントを報告する方に向いています。1日15分で十分です。

この記事が向いている人

ほかの人が読んで動くインシデントログ、状況報告、決定記録を書く運用、品質、IT、コンプライアンスの担当者。
障害の発生中に海外の同僚へ電話で状況を伝え、誤解が許されないマネージャー。
報告を送ると「どちらのことですか？」「それは確認済みですか？」と聞き返される方。
まだ早い場合：短いメモで確認済みの事実と残るリスクを分けることもまだ難しいなら、B1のセキュリティインシデントのメモや、B2のサービス通話記録から始めましょう。
簡単すぎる場合：指示語をすでに正確に使えるなら、強調構文でチーム間の意見の違いを記録する方法や、試行結果を誇張しない限定の副詞に進みましょう。

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単語カード

stakeholders

identify who benefits and carries risk

Name affected groups before selecting the response.

evidence boundary

state what the current evidence cannot prove

Keep forecasts separate from observed outcomes.

fallback

define what happens if the plan fails

Assign a trigger and a recoverable alternative.

review

state when and how the next decision occurs

Name measures, owner and date.

会話

Maya We have confirmed that batch A17 left the site, and batch B18 is still in quarantine. The fault affected three customers, but the root cause is not yet known.

Owen When you say the fault affected three customers, do you mean the A17 batch fault or the wider system fault?

Maya A17 affected three customers. The system fault delayed twelve other orders but did not change their contents.

Owen Then I’ll contact the three affected customers and hold the wider notice until Legal confirms it.

Maya Agreed. I’ll issue the recall by 14:00, and we’ll reconvene at 16:30 with test results.

文の形

it: neutral continuation

pronoun reference. refer back to the main topic without special emphasis

The backup process is verified. It can handle priority medicines.

this/that: emphatic reference

pronoun reference. draw attention to what was just said

A17 reached three customers. That requires immediate contact.

this: new or especially relevant

pronoun reference. present a close, important point

This is the immediate risk: the root cause remains unknown.

it: main topic / this or that: last topic

reference contrast. separate the continuing main topic from the most recently mentioned detail

The recall follows the incident plan. It is limited to A17; that is the batch named in the last test.

this: near / that: distant

reference contrast. mark closeness or distance in space, time or thought

This customer statement needs approval; that earlier draft contained speculation.

he, she, they

personal pronouns. refer neutrally to previously named people or plural things

Maya called the customers; she recorded their responses.

these / those

plural demonstratives. add emphasis or mark near versus distant plural referents

These results are current; those from last year used another sensor.

this: forward reference

pronoun reference. point forward to new information that follows

This is the decision: we will recall A17 and continue verified priority dispatch.

追加の練習

Analyse the evidence

Maya and Owen review the case documents at a desk.

At 09:10, a temperature sensor at Northbank Health reported an invalid reading. Batch A17 had already left the warehouse for three customers; batch B18 remained quarantined. Twelve unrelated orders were delayed when staff stopped the whole dispatch system. Engineers have not confirmed whether the sensor, calibration file or network caused the fault. The crisis team must protect customers, maintain priority supply, brief international colleagues clearly on a teleconference and decide the scope of recall and public statement.

Write the decision record

Subject: A17 incident — confirmed actions and next review

At 09:10, the outbound temperature sensor reported an invalid reading. Batch A17 had already left for three customers; B18 remained in quarantine. This distinction controls the response. Maya will issue the A17 recall by 14:00, and Owen is contacting its three recipients. The twelve other delayed orders were not exposed to the same temperature concern, so they will move through the verified backup process.

The root cause remains under investigation. Engineering is testing the sensor, calibration file and network separately. Legal will review the customer statement by 13:30 so that it can go out with the recall. Owen will confirm receipt with all three affected customers and record whether replacement stock is required.

Manual dispatch will continue for priority medicines. Such orders require two-person verification until the sensor test passes. If another invalid reading appears, all outbound batches will be held and the incident will be escalated to the executive team.

Customer-facing language will distinguish the confirmed batch exposure from the unconfirmed technical cause and will express care without assigning blame.

We will reconvene at 16:30. Please correct the factual timeline in the incident record before 15:30.

Changed-constraint transfer

Maya A payroll provider sent incorrect net-pay figures to eighty staff, but no money has moved.

Owen That affects personal data and trust, although the calculation cause is unconfirmed.

Maya I’ll notify the affected staff and quarantine the file; can you test tax and bank inputs separately?

Owen Yes. We’ll reconvene at 11:30 before deciding whether regulators need a notice.

Create the action brief

At 08:20, the payroll provider sent payslip previews with incorrect net-pay figures to eighty employees. No salary payment has been released. The error may sit in the tax table, employee import or payroll rule. Draft a decision record that separates confirmed exposure from possible cause, assigns employee communication and technical tests, defines the regulatory decision gate and sets the 11:30 review.

Audit the incident record

stakeholders

identify who benefits and carries risk

Name affected groups before selecting the response.

evidence boundary

state what the current evidence cannot prove

Keep forecasts separate from observed outcomes.

fallback

define what happens if the plan fails

Assign a trigger and a recoverable alternative.

review

state when and how the next decision occurs

Name measures, owner and date.

この単元を学ぶ

どの方法で学びますか？

アカウントをお持ちですか？

無料アカウントで1つの単元をずっと開いておけます。

1つの言葉、2つの不具合

ここでは2つの問題が同じ言葉を共有しています。出荷済みのロット（batch）と、止まった出荷システムです。1つの質問が2つを切り分けます。

聞いて答えてみましょう。3社の顧客に影響したのはどちらの不具合で、誰が顧客に連絡しますか？（A17ロットの不具合。オーウェン。）

Maya We have confirmed that batch A17 left the site, and batch B18 is still in quarantine. The fault affected three customers, but the root cause is not yet known.

Owen When you say the fault affected three customers, do you mean the A17 batch fault or the wider system fault?

Maya A17 affected three customers. The system fault delayed twelve other orders but did not change their contents.

Owen Then I’ll contact the three affected customers and hold the wider notice until Legal confirms it.

Maya Agreed. I’ll issue the recall by 14:00, and we’ll reconvene at 16:30 with test results.

it、this、that：3つの異なる役割

“It”は主な話題を強調せずに続けます。“This”と“that”は直前に述べたこと、多くの場合は文全体を指し、そこに重みを置きます。“this”は近いものや新しいもの、“that”はやや遠いものに感じられます。“that”と違い、“this”はこれから述べる内容を先に指すこともできます。日本語では主語をよく省きますが、英語の文には主語が必要です。また「その問題」を“that problem”と訳しがちですが、自分の文章で直前に触れたものには“this problem”や“the problem”のほうが自然なことが多いです。

“The backup process is verified. It can handle priority medicines.”：同じ話題が続く
“A17 reached three customers. That requires immediate contact.”：直前の事実全体
“The recall follows the incident plan. It is limited to A17; that is the batch named in the last test.”：主な話題、次に最後の詳細
“These results are current; those from last year used another sensor.”：複数形の近いものと遠いもの
“This is the decision: we will recall A17 and continue verified priority dispatch.”：これから述べる内容を指す

2つのものが競合するときは名詞を言う

文を“This”だけで始めると、読み手は前に戻って探さなければなりません。要約する名詞を添えましょう：“This distinction controls the response.” “the fault”や“the notice”が2つの意味になりうるなら、それぞれに一度名前を付けてその名前を使い続けます。通話では、動く前に何を指しているかを確認します。

あいまい：“This caused delays.” 明確：“This shutdown delayed twelve unrelated orders.”
“Can I just check: we are now talking about the customer notice?”：いま扱っている話題を確認する
“You’re saying that B18 can remain quarantined?”：相手の発言の解釈を確かめる
“Am I right in saying that the general opinion is to recall A17 only?”：全体の意見を確認する

リスク判断の形容詞：対応を評価する

“Bold”（大胆な）は熟慮したうえでのリスクを肯定的に評価し、“rash”（性急な）、“reckless”（無謀な）、“imprudent”（軽率な）は批判します。“risk-averse”（リスク回避的な）は姿勢を表すだけで、いつも否定的とは限りません。話し合ってみましょう：企業は原因がわかる前に謝罪すべきでしょうか。

“Holding twelve unrelated verified orders may be over-cautious.”：慎重すぎる
“Two-person verification is a prudent temporary safeguard.”：慎重で賢明
“The team made a bold but reversible decision to continue manual dispatch.”：取り消し可能な大胆な決定
“A company-wide shutdown would be a rash response to one invalid sensor reading.”：性急
“It would be reckless to hide the three affected deliveries.”：無謀
あわせて覚えたい表現：“take ownership of”（責任を持って引き受ける）、“express care for”（気遣いを示す）。

自分に合った方法でこの単元を学ぶ

6つの要素で書く決定記録

よい記録は確認済みのことと未確認のことを分け、次の決定を予測できるものにします。

時刻付きの事実：“At 09:10, the outbound temperature sensor reported an invalid reading. Batch A17 had already left for three customers.”
対応を左右する点：“This distinction controls the response.”
担当者：“Maya will issue the A17 recall by 14:00, and Owen is contacting its three recipients.”
未確認のこと：“The root cause remains under investigation.”
発動条件：“If another invalid reading appears, all outbound batches will be held.”
見直し：“We will reconvene at 16:30.”

よくある間違い

記録をあいまいにしたり、断定しすぎに見せたりする間違いです。

ロットとシステムの両方に触れた後で“It affected three customers.”と書くこと。名詞を示します：“The A17 batch fault …”
これから述べる内容を示すのに“That is the decision: …”と書くこと。“This is the decision: …”が正解です。
検査の前に“The sensor caused the fault.”と断定すること。“The cause has not been confirmed.”と書きます。
“Is limited to A17.” 日本語のように主語を省くことはできません：“It is limited to A17.”
“We will reconvene later.” 時刻を示します：“at 16:30”。

1日15分の練習

実際の業務の事例か、次の事例を使いましょう。給与計算の委託先が従業員80人に誤った手取り額のプレビューを送りましたが、まだ支払いは行われていません。

3分：事実を述べてから、“it”、“this”＋名詞、“that”でそれぞれ1文ずつ作ります。
7分：6つの要素で170〜200語の記録を書きます。
3分：規制当局にいま報告すべきかを、“With respect, …”を使って声に出して論じます。
2分：通話を1行ずつまねて言います。

次のステップ

次は、分裂文（強調構文）と倒置でチーム間の引き継ぎをめぐる意見の違いを記録する方法、そしてquiteやnot absolutelyのような限定の副詞です。

よくある質問

英語の文章で“it”と“this”はどう違いますか？

“It”は主な話題を強調せずに続けます。“This”は直前に述べた点、多くの場合は考え全体に注意を向け、名詞と一緒に使うといちばん明確です：“This delay affects twelve orders.” “that”と違い、“this”はこれから述べる内容を指すこともできます。

英語のインシデント報告書はどう書けばよいですか？

時刻付きの確認済みの事実、期限付きの担当者、まだわからないことを書きます。より広い対応に切り替える条件と次の見直しの時刻を加え、170〜200語ほどにまとめます。

“prudent”と“over-cautious”はどう違いますか？

“Prudent”は先の結果を見すえた慎重な判断をほめる言葉です。“Over-cautious”は状況に必要な以上の慎重さを批判します。